Categories
intensivecare

Drug ODs & PTSD: Consequences of Covid

We are having a record-breaking year for deaths from drug overdoses. There are many factors playing into it–synthetic fentanyl and its rapid spread from East to West coast; the silent pandemic of loneliness and despair that underlies covid and brings with it more drug use and abuse; a financial crisis leading to more homelessness which sort of closes the circle on the previous two factors. It’s hard to separate one thing from another as the bad news this year just kept piling on, and ultimately everything seems related in some way to the worldwide pandemic and the fallout from it.

So here we are. A record year for drug overdoses. An article from New York Magazine points out not just how we’re going to break records for drug ODs but that here in San Francisco, overdose deaths actually outnumber covid deaths. Maybe we should just add OD deaths on to the covid death totals… But then again, that is a slippery slope. We could say the same for heart attacks and strokes, and diabetes and decreased exercise tolerance. Maybe “pandemic syndrome” should be a new diagnosis. Let’s spitball a formal diagnosis criteria–it would probably involve 1) financial, housing, food, and/or racial insecurity AND 2) a concurrent development of a chronic illness, plus one of the following two categories 1) depression and/or anxiety; 2) alcohol and/or drug use disorder. I’m sure we don’t need this diagnosis–what we have covers it since this probably falls into the territory of a psychological diagnosis.

My fictitious diagnosis would be covered easily by “adjustment disorder” from the DSM V, but we’d all run into trouble when our adjustment problems go beyond 6 months. But you know what? Perhaps we’ll see a lot of PTSD or cPTSD coming out of this pandemic. I can only speak from what I see or read, and I know that many healthcare providers are being severely traumatized over and over by this pandemic.

They are taking care of patients who are isolated and lonely and sometimes, dying alone. There are times when the only visitors are Zoom calls with family, and the nurse usually is the one holding the iPad, absorbing day after day of each family’s sadness and overwhelm.

There are the days when even though they are sick, the patients still lash out at the nurses and other medical staff violently, sometimes causing permanent disability. Even though my hospital has done all of the things discussed in this article, we still have violence from patients and visitors: Cash-rich hospitals have done little to prevent violence against nurses and other medical staff — from The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (the last of a five-part series called “In the Shadows” about violence against healthcare workers)

And none of this takes into account the high risk healthcare workers are at to actually get covid. This story of an ICU nurse in her 60’s who gets covid and ends up in the hospital for 8 months fighting for her life and then relearning how to walk is inspiring. But not many souls would fare so well with such a challange.

Could you imagine going to work, thinking that could be you? That was my previous 9 months. I did get my first vaccination, but I won’t consider myself safe until about two weeks after my second dose. Then–approximately February 1–I will consider my fully vaccinated, which wiull give me about 90% protection from covid.

But until then, everyday I go to work, I am still at risk. There is more covid than ever. And at my hospital, I personally see the high number of drug overdoses. Its like they come in waves… when the fentanyl hits the street, we get between 3-8 cardiac arrests “found down.” A complex cycle of homelessness, mental illness, drug abuse, and trauma all coming to an end in the ICU.

Categories
heathcare politics Public Health

Drug Treatment vs. Drug War

President-elect Joe Biden was once one of the leaders in the idea that criminalizing drug offenses would lead to control of our country’s massive drug problem. The three-strikes laws filled our prisons with low-level drug offenders while doing nothing to actually get people OFF drugs.

Luckily, we have experienced a massive tide change in how we think about substance use disorders. Many states voted in this past election to decriminalize or even legalize marijuana, while Oregon legalized even “harder” drugs such as heroin and hallucinogenic mushrooms. Biden himself has turned away from a philosophy where law enforcement reigns as the rulers of how to deals with our drug problem, and has instead shifted to a public health perspective in which the focus will be prevention and treatment.

Many, however, are still skeptical of Biden due to his past actions and beliefs. As the data becomes available for how bad it has become during this pandemic, including 2020 overdose death totals, we will be able to see more clearly what is necessary. As a healthcare provider, I know that police involvement and jail time doesn’t help. I also know that at a certain tipping point, treatment may not work either unfortunately.

For example, I once cared for a man, a former alcoholic who had 30 years sober, living a stable life with a job. But then, his girlfriend left him. He went out and got drunk, started a fight, and fell down some stairs. He showed up in my ICU with a subdural hemorrhage (SDH) as well as a small subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)– both classic injuries from a traumatic fall. Over his days in the ICU, we talked at length about his sobriety and plans for the future. This was his first fall off the wagon, as you might say. He had a job and a house. He spoke to his boss, who guaranteed to hold his job for him until he got better. He wanted treatment after he recovered from his head injury. I had such hope for him.

He never came back to the ICU. But about 8 months later, I heard from a nurse upstairs “on the floor” that he had died. He drank himself to death, ended up homeless. He probably “lived” in one of the neighborhoods around the hospital, and recognizing him, the medics always brought him back to us. He had declared his “code status” to be DNR, meaning that if he were to experience a cardiac or respiratory arrest (ie, code), he did not want to be resuscitated. And he wasn’t.

In the end, I really think focusing on treatment and prevention will get people help earlier in the disease process, instead of landing them in jail over and over–or worse, finding them dead. We need to treat substance use disorders instead of punishing those who suffer from them.

Categories
blacklivesmatter

Police Violence & the Opiate Crisis: Public Health Emergencies

In San Francisco today, the district attorney announced charges finally on a 2017 police shooting of an unarmed black man in 2017. This coming mere DAYS before the statute of limitations would run out, according to this article on SFist. Racial justice continues to remain foremost in the minds of lawmakers and politicians and thank god–this country cannot keep going killing people. Police violence is a public health problem. I’ve said it before and I’ll keep saying it. But even more so, that leads us to a more basic point: RACISM IS A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM. When black and brown people DIE merely because they are not white, this is not a coincidence. This is racism, and quite frankly, it is a national emergency.


Also in the news today, another public health problem created by white people: the opiate crisis. Purdue Pharma has finally pleaded guilty to several charges related to its role in starting–and maintaining–the opiate crisis in America. Bottom line, the company admitted to 3 basic things:

  1. The first relates to LIES told to the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). Purdue lied about having a program in place to prevent pills from getting to the black market. In fact, they really profited from oxycontin’s widespread sale by people buying it on the street. The company also lied to the DEA regarding false information provided to the agency that helped boost manufacturing
  2. The company paid someone to provide doctors with patient info (Hello! HIPPA?!?!) that encouraged them to write opiate prescriptions.
  3. Lastly, Purdue Pharma paid doctors to prescribe oxy. Boom.

Of course, there was a fancy explanation for “how” and why all these things were accomplished but the bottom line is Purdue wanted to make money. It did. The Sackler family is still filthy rich, in fact, from drug money earned by the deaths of over 200,000 Americans. The cost to the healthcare system might never be able to be estimated, as the full ramifications have not yet been felt. The East Coast still suffers from a heroin problem but has been hit hard by synthetic fentanyl in the past few years. Here on the West Coast, we’ve typically been more of a methamphetamine place, but synthetic fentanyl deaths are rising now too.

The last full book I read on the subject was Dopesick by Beth Macy. It is an incredibly detailed look at how the crisis began, details of the ways in Purdue Pharma changed not only the marketing of pain medicine but the very way we practice medicine itself. I highly recommend this book if you’d like to know more about this subject.

One of the most disturbing parts of Dopesick was reading about how during Purdue Pharma’s massive “educational” marketing seminars, it promoted PAIN IS THE FIFTH VITAL SIGN as a new concept. This really reinforced the idea that new & stronger pain medications were necessary for the average patient–medications like oxycontin. Surprise! But this mantra regarding pain became adopted by accreditation organizations such as the Joint Commission and the American Medical Association (AMA) itself. In nursing school, it was drilled into my head. Treat the pain, because your patient can’t HEAL if they are in pain.

But all of this helped contribute to our opiate problem as all doctors, including those taking care of hospital patients, felt the need to write more and more prescriptions for painkillers. Patients themselves also tended to not be satisfied that their pain was relieved no matter how much narcotic they received. I mean, we were telling them that they should have NO PAIN.

In 2016, the AMA went so far as declaring that pain is NOT the fifth vital sign, and that new non-pharmacologic measures and cooperative pain management techniques should be taken to manage patients.

As a nurse in the ICU, I have seen an attempt to reduce the use of opiate pain medication. Some of this seems silly given the circumstances–such as a patient on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (ECMO) only getting IV acetaminophen. I mean–they do have garden hoses jabbing into each groin, plus more usually… But for surgical patients, I am fully on board. You are supposed to be able to feel your incision the day after surgery. And when you cough, it is definitely gonna hurt. While you’re coughing. And then it will stop. Magic!

My personal opinion is that the best treatment for pain and prevention of other post-operative complications is walking. Don’t take a bunch of opiates, get constipated, end up with an ileus and too weak to stand. Get out of bed, sit in a chair, take a walk. Do that over and over throughout the day. Rest in between. You’ll get better faster than your neighbor who takes oxy and complains that it hurts and refuses to get out of bed.

If you have recommendations for other articles or books on the opiate crisis, please leave a comment as I’d love to read more on this topic! Or any topic…